When Hillary Rodham Clinton took office as secretary of state, much of the world had been alienated from the United States by the policies of the Bush administration. Expectations were high that President Barack Obama's team would change the tone, and Clinton delivered. She put a glamorous, smart, politically astute face on American policy.
Yet Clinton produced no diplomatic breakthroughs nor any new strategic doctrine. And when it comes to issues of war and peace — in the Mideast, South Asia, and North Asia — she leaves a minimal legacy.
In large part, that's because policy-making was tightly controlled by the White House. It's hard to know whether Clinton would have acted differently if President Obama had, in the manner of Richard Nixon, anointed her as his Henry Kissinger. But that was never in the cards.
Instead, Clinton appeared to endorse Obama's view of America's more limited role in an age of austerity, defined by other rising global powers.
As a loyal soldier, she used her stellar political skills to strengthen old alliances in Europe and promote new ones in Asia as part of a "pivot" in that direction. She mended diplomatic fences and conducted negotiations, notably on Iran sanctions.
But she has no major foreign policy success she can call her own.
The Mideast peace process died, the Syrian civil war dragged on, Iran's nuclear program continued, and the dangerous Afghanistan-Pakistan mess remained unresolved — except for Obama's pledge to withdraw U.S. troops.
Clinton turned her prodigious energy to soft-power issues. She chose as her head of policy planning Anne-Marie Slaughter, who argued that U.S. power in the future would be based on our supreme talent for networking — creating linkages of government and private organizations to deal with issues that cross conventional boundaries, such as Internet security or climate change.
Clinton threw herself into public diplomacy, famously visiting 112 countries — and conducting town hall meetings with students, journalists, and civil society activists as far afield as Moscow, Manila, and Phnom Penh. When I visited Islamabad in 2009, I heard Pakistanis rave about how she had won over skeptical students in Lahore with her tough, honest responses.
Yet her magnetic personal qualities, while winning her accolades, didn't guarantee successful policy-making. Her several visits to Islamabad did not persuade Pakistani politicians and generals to stop providing safe havens to the Taliban.
Nor did they necessarily change America's image abroad. Polls still show that America is less popular in Pakistan than its own archenemy, India, and its reputation is still sinking in the Middle East.
The secretary also carved out signature areas of special interest. One was development aid, where Clinton tried to revamp our troubled policies, especially in conflict areas — arguing that diplomats and civilian-aid officials should control aid delivery rather than leaving it to the military.
Sadly, the dangers in conflict zones mostly kept aid officials from leaving their bases, and the use of civilian contractors still leads too often to rank corruption. These problems, which originated in the Bush administration, still remain unresolved.
Then there is Clinton's most passionate commitment — to the promotion of women's issues, which she inserted into every sphere of policy. She appointed a special emissary for women's affairs, Ambassador Melanne Verveer, who traveled the globe seeking to determine where U.S. policy could improve women's status and boost economic development.
This emphasis is important and should be continued. Yet I can't help wondering about its lasting impact. The signature country where the United States has promoted the advancement of women is Afghanistan. U.S. officials, Clinton included, have pledged not to abandon Afghan women.
There is a disconnect here. If Obama withdraws nearly all or all U.S. troops, and limits the U.S. role there to special forces and drones, all the gains women and girls have made in the last decade will be rolled back.
Here is where Clinton's legacy may prove most ephemeral. She has promoted soft power, and showed she can represent American splendidly abroad.
But we won't know how she would exercise hard power — unless, that is, she becomes president.
Trudy Rubin writes for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Her email address is trubin@phillynews.com.